Peer Reviewed Papers

[2025]

• A Atabey, C Wilson, L Urquhart and B Schafer ‘Fairness by Design: Cross-Cultural Perspectives from Children on AI and Fair Data Processing in their Education Futures’ with  Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI 2025, Yokohama, Japan. DOI https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714402

• C Rossitto, A Poikolainen Rosén, R Comber, S Joel Greenstein, F Bakhshoudeh, L Urquhart and S Lechelt. ‘Regulating Sustainability: The Interplay of Laws, Policies, Norms, and Design in Sustainable CSCW’  Proceedings of CSCW 2025, Bergen, Norway. October.

[2024]

• A Surana E Luger and L Urquhart, ‘Responsible AI’ in Giaccardi, E and Bendor, R. Rethink Design. TU Delft (Open) https://books.open.tudelft.nl/home/catalog/view/110/194/399

• L Urquhart. S Lechelt. C Boniface. H Wu. A Rezk. N Dubey. M Terras. E Luger. ‘The Right to Repair (R2R) Cards: Aligning Law and Design for A More Sustainable Consumer Internet of Things’. NordiCHI ’24: Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Article No.: 8, Pages 1 – 20 https://doi.org/10.1145/3679318.3685341 

• L Urquhart and A McStay ‘Regulating Emotional Artificial Intelligence in Cars’ In Weng, Pagallo and Barfield Human Robot Interaction and the Law (CUP 2024) ISBN 9781009386708

• L Urquhart, S Lechelt, M Terras, N Sailaja, A Rezk, T Castle-Green, D Darzentas, N Primlani, V Owen, M Stead.  Creating Sustainable Internet of Things Futures: Aligning Legal and Design Research Agendas. DIS ’24 Companion: Companion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference Pages 372 – 376  https://doi.org/10.1145/3656156.365839 

• C Boniface. L. Urquhart and M Terras, ‘Fixing the Future: Right to Repair for Internet of Things’’. Computer Law and Security Review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105934

• J Gratch, G Greene. R Picard. L Urquhart. M Valstar. Guest Editorial Ethics in Affective Computing. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 15:1. 1-3 10.1109/TAFFC.2023.3322918

• N Primlani, D Darzentas, J Lindley, P Coulton, N Sailaja, L Urquhart, T Castle-Green, M Stead, S Lechelt, V Owen, N Dubey Greetings from Silicon Heaven: Postcards from the IoT Afterlife. NordiCHI ’24 Adjunct: Adjunct Proceedings of the 2024 Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Article No.: 58, Pages 1 – 8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3677045.3685474

• G McGarry, A Crabtree. A Chamberlain and L Urquhart. Responsibility and Regulation: Exploring Social Measures of Trust in Medical AI. Second International Symposium on Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, September 15–18, 2024, Austin, Texas https://doi.org/10.1145/3686038.3686041

• A Atabey, L Urquhart and B Schafer Article 72: Post-Market Monitoring by Providers and Post-Market Monitoring Plan for High-Risk AI Systems in P Valcke, N Forgó, and C Pehlivan EU Artificial Intelligence Act Commentary (Wolters Kluwer International 2024)

• A Atabey, L Urquhart and B Schafer Article 73 Reporting of Serious Incidents in P Valcke, N Forgó, and C Pehlivan EU Artificial Intelligence Act Commentary (Wolters Kluwer International 2024)

• A Crabtree, G McGarry and L Urquhart. AI and the Iterable Epistopics of Risk. Artificial Intelligence and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02021-y

• V Bakir, A Laffer, D Miranda, A McStay, L Urquhart. On Manipulation by Emotional AI: UK Adults’ Views and Governance Implications. Frontiers in Sociology – Special Issue on Emotion and False Information. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1339834

[2023]

• A Atabey, L Urquhart and B Schafer ‘How Do You Solve a Problem like Alexa’, IRIS / Internationales Rechtsinformatik Symposion 2023  – DOI 10.38023/72720413-36c5-4ee3-ba65-b7d0396fcd82 Won a Top 10 Lexis Nexis Paper

• A Atabey, G Wang, S Johnston, G Lin, C Wilson, L Urquhart, J The Second Workshop on Child-Centred AI Design (CCAI) CHI EA ’24: Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Article No.: 492, Pages 1 – 6 https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3636305

• Y Lu, Z Yu, Y Lin, B Schafer, A Ireland, L Urquhart. A Legal System to Modify Autonomous Vehicle Designs in Transnational Contexts. in G Sileno, J Spanakis & G van Dijck (eds), Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: Jurix 2023. vol. 379, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 379, IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 347-352. https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA230986

• Y Lu, Z Yu, Y, Lin, B Schafer, A Ireland, L Urquhart ‘Legitimacy Detection System Based on Interpretation Schemes for AI Vehicles Design’ Japanese Society for AI International Symposium on AI (JURISIN 2023).

• N Sailaja, T Castle-Green, P Coulton, M Stead, J Lindley, L Urquhart, D Darzentas UbiFix: Tackling Repairability Challenges in Smart Devices’, UbiComp/ISWC ’23 Adjunct: Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Pages 802 – 806. https://doi.org/10.1145/3594739.3605113

• S Rattray, R Collins, A Surana, Y Lee, Y Liu, A Mauri, J Vines,  L Urquhart, C Wilson, L Pschetz, M Rozendaal and I Schlovski ‘Sensing Care Through Design – A Speculative Role-Playing Tool Approach to ‘Living with’ Smart Sensor Networks’ DIS ’23: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference Pages 1660 – 1675 https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596066

• R Gibson, C Babbage, H Wagner, D Price, S Martindale, N Chadborn, S Ito-Jaeger, D Darzentas, H Webb, R Jacobs, L Urquhart, A Atabey, B Koleva, M Flintham, H Winklhofer and E Vallejos ‘It’s not just for the Past but it’s for the Here and Now”: the Memory Machine to Gift Digital Memories’ DIS ’23: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference Pages 987 – 1001 https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3595962

[2022]

• Y Lu, Z Yu, Y Lin, B Schafer, A Ireland, L Urquhart. Handling Inconsistent and Uncertain Legal Reasoning for AI Vehicles Design. International Workshop on Methodologies for Translating Legal Norms into Formal Representations. Ken Satoh, Georg Borges, Erich Schweighofer. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Methodologies for Translating Legal Norms into Formal Representations (LN2FR 2022)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.12203

• Y Lu, Z Yu, Y Lin, B Schafer, A Ireland and L. Urquhart, ‘An Argumentation and Ontology Based Legal Support System for AI Vehicle Design’, in E Francesconi, G Borges & C Sorge (eds), Legal Knowledge and Information Systems. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 362, IOS Press, pp. 213-218, 35th International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems 2022, Saarbrucken, Saarland, Germany, 14/12/22. https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA220469

• V Bakir, N Ghotbi, T Manh Ho, A Laffer, P Mantello, A McStay, D Miranda, H Miyashita, L Podoletz, H Tanaka, L Urquhart ‘Emotional AI in Cities: Cross‐cultural Lessons from the UK and Japan on Designing for an Ethical Life’ in S Carta Machine Learning and the City. 2022 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119815075.ch51

• L Urquhart, D. Miranda and A. Laffer ‘Working with Affective Computing: Exploring UK Public Perceptions of AI enabled Workplace Surveillance’ Proceedings of ETHICOMP 2022, Turku. ISBN 978-951-29-8989-8

• A McStay and L Urquhart ‘In Cars (Are We Really Safest of All?): Interior Sensing and Emotional Opacity‘ International Review of Law Computers and Technology https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2021.2009181

• L Urquhart, D Miranda and L Podoletz – ‘Policing the Smart Home: The Internet of Things as Invisible Witnesses‘ Information Polity DOI: 10.3233/IP-211541

• M. Wilson, S. Midha, H. Maior, A. Cox, L Urquhart and L. Chuang, ‘SIG: Brain Data as Personal Data – bringing together neurotechnology, personal informatics, and work/life balance’ Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI ’22, New Orleans. Pages 1 – 4 https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3516402,

• L Urquhart, G McGarry and A Crabtree. ‘Legal Provocations for HCI in the Design and Development of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems’ Proceedings of NORDICHI 2022, Aarhus. https://doi.org/10.1145/3546155.3546690

• L Urquhart and D Miranda ‘Policing Faces: Exploring Present and Future Uses of Intelligent Facial Surveillance by Law Enforcement’ Information and Communications Technology Law (online first). DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2021.1994220 

[2021]

• J Chen and L Urquhart ‘They’re all about pushing the products and shiny things rather than fundamental security’:Mapping socio-technical challenges in securing the smart home’, Information & Communications Technology Law, DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2021.1957193

• S Piesecki, L Urquhart and D McAuley ‘Defence Against the Dark Artefacts: An Analysis of Smart Home Cybersecurity Standards’ Computer Law and Security Review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105542

• N Sailaja, J Lindley, L Urquhart, D McAuley, I Forrester ‘Human Data Interaction Through Design: An Exploratory From Theory to Practice Using Design as a Vehicle’ Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI 2021 (Extended Abstracts), 8-13 May, Yokohama, Japan/Online. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3441344

• L Urquhart and P Craigon ‘The Moral-IT Deck: A Tool for Ethics by Design’. Journal of Responsible Innovation https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2021.1880112

• McAuley, D. J Chen, T Lodge, R. Mortier, S. Piasecki, D. Popescu, L Urquhart ‘Human-Centred Home Network Security’ in Crabtree et al. Privacy by Design for the Internet of Things: Building Accountability and Security. IET Press https://doi.org/10.1049/PBSE014E_ch9

• A Crabtree, T Lodge, D McAuley, L Urquhart, H Haddadi and R Mortier. ‘Building Accountability into the Internet of Things’. in Crabtree et al. Privacy by Design for the Internet of Things: Building Accountability and Security IET Press https://doi.org/10.1049/PBSE014E_ch6

• L Urquhart and J Chen ‘On the Principle of Accountability: Challenges for Smart Homes and Cybersecurity ’ In Crabtree, A. Mortier, R. Haddadi, H. (Eds) Privacy by Design for the Internet of Things: Building Accountability and Security. IET Press. https://doi.org/10.1049/PBSE014E_ch2

• L Urquhart ‘Future Challenges for Responsible Smart Technologies’ contribution to section in Rogerson S. The Changing Landscape of Ethical Digital Technology ISBN 9781032066059

[2020]

• J Chen, L Urquhart, L Edwards, D McAuley ‘Who is Responsible for Data Processing in Smart Homes? Reconsidering Joint Controllership and the Household Exemption’ International Data Privacy Law https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipaa011 recently cited in UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology POSTNOTE on Edge Computing

• L Urquhart and J Chen. Stuck in the Middle with (U)sers. Proceedings of ETHICOMP 2020, Online. ISBN 978-84-09-20272-0

• L. Urquhart White Noise from the White Goods? Embedded Regulation for Ambient Domestic Computing In B Schafer, L Edwards, E Harbinja Future Law. Edinburgh University Press https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474417631-007

[2019]

• A McStay and L Urquhart ‘This time with feeling?’ Assessing EU data governance implications of out of home appraisal based emotional AI’  First Monday, 24 (10) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i10.9457

• H Schnädelbach N Jäger and L Urquhart ‘Adaptive Buildings & Personal Data’ ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction DOI 10.1145/3301426

• D Price, R Jacobs, E Perez Vallejos, D Darzentas, N Chadborn, S Martindale, H Robbins. ‘MeMa: Designing the Memory Machine’ – Proceedings of ACM Designing Interactive Systems 2019, San Diego, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301019.3323882

• L Urquhart D Reedman Flint and N Leesakul, ‘Responsible Robotics: Exploring Ethical Implications of Robots in the Home’, Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-12-2018-0096 winner of 2020 Highly Commended Literati Award

• R Jacobs, F Abbott, L Urquhart and D Price ‘Performing the Future: Risk, Uncertainty & Artistic Process’ Journal of Risk Research DOI 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569104 

• D Darzentas, R Velt, R Wetzel, H Wagner, P Craigon, L Urquhart, S Benford. A ‘Card Mapper: Enabling Data-Driven Reflections on Ideation Cards’ Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI 2019, Glasgow, Scotland https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300801

• L Urquhart, N Jäger & H Schnädelbach ‘Adaptive Architecture: Regulating Human Building Interaction’ International Review Law, Computers & Technology. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2019.1562605

[2018] 

• L Urquhart, A. Crabtree and T Lodge ‘Demonstrably Doing Accountability in the Internet of Things’ International Journal of Law and Information Technology. DOI 10.1093/ijlit/eay015

• M Goulden, M Flintham, D Price, L Urquhart ‘Domesticating Data: Socio-Legal Perspectives on Smart Homes & Good Data Design’ for A Daly et al (eds.) Good Data.  ISBN 978-94-92302-27-4

• L Urquhart ‘Ethical Dimensions of User Centric Regulation’ ACM Computers and Society, 47(4), 81-95 DOI – 10.1145/3243141.3243151 

• A Crabtree, T Lodge, J Colley, C Greenhalgh, K Glover, H Haddadi, Y Amar, R Mortier, Q Li, J Moore, L Wang, P Yadav, J Zhao, A Brown, L Urquhart, D McAuley, (2018) ‘Building Accountability into the Internet of Things: The IoT Databox Model‘, Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments. DOI – https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-018-0054-5.

• L Urquhart ‘Current Trends in Cybercrime and Information Security Law’ in L Edwards, Law, Policy and the Internet, Hart Publishing. ISBN 9781849467032

• L Urquhart ‘Regulation of Privacy and Freedom of Expression from 2004-2018: From Campbell to Fake News’ in L Edwards, Law, Policy and the Internet , Hart Publishing ISBN 9781849467032

• L Urquhart and D McAuley ‘Avoiding the Internet of Insecure Industrial Things‘ in Computer Law & Security Review DOI – 10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.004.

[2017]

• E. Perez Vallejos, A Koene, C Carter, C Woodard, L Urquhart, A Bergin, R Statache, ‘Accessing Online Data for Youth Mental Health Research: Meeting the Ethical Challenges‘ in Philosophy & Technology. 1-24. DOI – https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-017-0286-y .

• L Urquhart, N Sailaja and D McAuley ‘Realising the EU Right to Data Portability for the Internet of Things‘ Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.  1-16. DOI – 10.1007/s00779-017-1069-2.

• L Urquhart, Ethical Dimensions of User Centric Regulation‘ Orbit 1(1) DOI – https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14. 

• L Urquhart and T Rodden ‘New Directions in Technology Law: Learning from Human-Computer Interaction‘ International Review of Law, Computers, and Technology 31 (2) 150-169. DOI -https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2017.1298501.

[2016]

• L Edwards and L Urquhart ‘Privacy in Public Spaces: What Expectations of Privacy Do We Have in Social Media Intelligence?‘ International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 24 (3), 279–310. DOI – https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaw007

[2015]

• L Urquhart and D Darzentas ‘Interdisciplinary Reflections on Games and Human Values‘ Proceedings of ACM CHI Play 2015 – DOI – 10.1145/2793107.2810259

• Guest Editor. Computers and Law: Special Focus Smart Cities, June/July 2015 Edition.

• L Urquhart and E Luger ‘Smart Cities: Creative Compliance and the Rise of Designer as Regulators’ Computers and Law.

• E Luger, L Urquhart T Rodden, and M Golembewski. ‘Playing the Legal Card: Using Ideation Cards to Raise Data Protection Issues Within the Design Process’ Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015, Seoul, South Korea DOI – 10.1145/2702123.2702142.

[2014]

• L Urquhart ‘Bridging the Gap Between Law and HCI: Designing Effective Regulation of Human Autonomy in Everyday Ubicomp Systems‘ Adjunct Proceedings of ACM Ubicomp ’14 , Seattle, WA, USA. DOI – 10.1145/2638728.2638844

[2013]

• L Urquhart The Aerial Gaze: regulation domestic drones in the UK’ Computers and Law. Vol 24(1) April/May Edition.

[Other Outputs]

• Fixing the Future Sustainable IoT Zine
• Right to Repair Cards
• Moral-IT Deck and Canvas
• Defence Against the Dark Artefacts Board Game
• Privacy by Design Cards

[Reports, Preprints/Unpublished Full Conference Papers, and Evidence Submissions]

[Reports]

• L Urquhart and FtF Team Fixing the Future Project Annual Report
• L Urquhart D Miranda, A Laffer and I Connon, Critically Envisioning Biometric AI Futures (Report)

[Evidence]

• AM Piskopani, D McAuley, A Crabtree, J Chen. Horizon Response To DCMS Call on ‘Connected Tech Smart Or Sinister‘. 2022.

• with A McStay Invited to Submit to UK Information Commissioner Office Innovation Office on ‘Biometrics and Regulatory Dimensions of Emotional AI’. 2022

• with J Chen, L Edwards. E, Dove. D. McAuley. A. Koene. A Piskopani to UK Department of Digital, Data, Culture and Sport Data: A New Direction Consultation 2021.

• with J Chen, L Edwards and D McAuley to House of Lords Justice and Home Affairs Committee New Technologies and the Application of the Law 2021.

• with A McStay, G Rosner and H Miyashita COMMENT ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN RELATION TO EMOTIONAL AI AND THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT , 2021 For UN Committee On the Rights of the Child.

• with J Chen, L Edwards and D McAuley, Comments on the European Data Protection Board’s Guidelines 07/2020 on the concepts of controller and processor in the GDPR , 2020 (European Data Protection Board)

• with J Chen, H Haddadi and D McAuley. Response to Consultation on Secure by Design Regulation, 2020 (Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport)

• with V Bakir and A McStay Emotion Recognition: Tends, Social Feeling, Policy, 2020 (Briefing to All Party Parliamentary Group on Artificial Intelligence)

• with V. Bakir, A. McStay, and Mantello, P. UK/Japan Cross Cultural Conversation on Emotional AI. 2019 (ESRC Project Report)

• with Corti, Y M. Stewart, J. Raab, C. Catanzariti B. and Dominguez, A. Report on ‘Library Study Space and WiFi Occupancy Monitoring’ 2019 University of Edinburgh IoT Governance Group.

• with A Koene and D McAuley, The Internet: To Regulate or Not to Regulate? 2018. Evidence to UK Parliamentary Inquiry.

[Unpublished Preprints/Unpublished Full Conference Papers]

• A Crabtree. L Urquhart and J Chen ‘Right to an Explanation Considered Harmful’ DOI – 10.2139/ssrn.3384790

• A McStay and L Urquhart ‘Governing Affective Computing and the Problem of Being Private in Public’ Surveillance Studies Network Confernence, Aarhus, Denmark 2018.

• D Miranda and L Urquhart ‘Smart Home, Smart Policing?’ Surveillance Studies Network Conference, Aarhus, Denmark 2018.

• L Urquhart, D Reedman Flint and N Leesakul, ‘Responsible Robotics’, ETHICOMP 2018, Gdansk, Poland.

• L Urquhart and T Rodden ‘Towards User-Centric Regulation’ Working Paper.

• L Urquhart and D McAuley ‘Assessing Information Security Regulations for Domestic and Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems‘ TILTing Perspectives, Tilburg, Netherlands.

• L Urquhart ‘Artcodes and Intellectual Property Law’, CREATe/Horizon Working Paper,  DOI – http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2934229 

• L Urquhart, N Jäger & H Schnädelbach ‘Adaptive Architecture: Regulating Human Building Interaction’ for BILETA 2018, Aberdeen, Scotland. ** Won Taylor & Francis Prize**

• L Urquhart and T Rodden ‘A Legal Turn in Human-Computer Interaction? Towards ‘Regulation by Design’ for the Internet of Things‘. Working Paper

• L Urquhart ‘Transparency of Non-State Actors? The Case of Technology Designers and Privacy by Design‘ Position Paper for Data PSST! ESRC Seminar Series, Cardiff, Wales

• L. Edwards and L Urquhart ‘Is Policing Surveillance of Online Social Media Out of Control? : A UK Legal Perspective” Surveillance Studies Network, Barcelona, Spain

• L Urquhart, T Rodden and E Luger ‘Bridging the Gap between Law and Technology design: the Challenges of Ubiquitous Computing’ BILETA 2014, University of East Anglia, England.